Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Intermediate Practice Exam

Which medication is typically indicated for a patient experiencing severe allergic reactions?

1. Ibuprofen

2. Diphenhydramine

3. Ephedrine

4. Epinephrine

The correct answer is: Epinephrine

Epinephrine is the medication typically indicated for a patient experiencing severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition where the body has an extreme immune response to an allergen, leading to symptoms like difficulty breathing, swelling, hives, and a drop in blood pressure. Epinephrine works by causing vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure, and by relaxing the bronchial muscles, which helps open the airways, making it easier for the patient to breathe. It also helps reduce swelling and hives through its anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, while diphenhydramine can be used for less severe allergic reactions and can provide some relief for mild allergies, it is not sufficient for anaphylaxis. Medications like ibuprofen are anti-inflammatory and pain relievers, but they do not address the critical components of anaphylaxis. Ephedrine may also have some bronchodilator effects, but it is not first-line treatment for severe allergic reactions and does not provide the same rapid, life-saving action as epinephrine. Therefore, epinephrine is the cornerstone of treatment in acute, severe allergic reactions.